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HISTORY NOTES 



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FIFTH GRADE 



By ROBERT J. McLAUGHLIN, A. M. 

John Welsh School, Philadelphia 



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PHILADELPHIA 

AVALTHER PRINT, THIRD AND GIRARD AVE. 

1904 



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Copyright, 1904, 



BY 



ROBERT J. McLaughlin 



HISTORY NOTES 



FIFTH GRADE 



I. — The extent of the world known before America 
was discovered was very small. Before 1492, only 
Europe, northern Africa and part of Asia were 
known. 

(Note: — Peoi)le thought the water at the equator was boiling 
hot, and they also believed that the sun there would make the 
white peoj^le black. Terrible monsters were supposed to live in 
the unknown parts of the earth.) 

II. — Certain motives caused the Europeans to make 
explorations in America. 

(1) They wanted to find a shorter route to India in 
southern Asia, to secure its rich connnerce, for India 
exported rich shawls, spices and silks by a long, dan- 
gerous route. 

(2) Many came to find gold or to eon([uer new coun- 
tries. Such men loved adventure and battles. 

(3) Some came to convert the Indians to Chris- 
tianity. 



Spanish Explorers. 
(1) Columbus. 

Most people believed that the earth was flat. The 
men of science thought the earth was round and they 
wished to learn more about its surface. One of the 
M'isest and boldest of these men was Cln-istopher 
Columbus, a native of Genoa in Italy. He v. i-^hed to 
find a shorter route to India, and he believed !li;il, the 
shortest way to reach it was to sail west across the At- 
lantic Ocean. He asked help from Genoa but did not re- 
ceive it. lie went to Portugal but was unsuccessi ul. ITo 
now went to Spain and asked Ferdinand and Isabella, 
who ruled over this country, to help him. For seven 
years Golumbus waited in vain for Spain's aid, and at 
last in despair, he decided to leave Spain. On the way 
he stopped at the convent of La Rabida, near Palos 
(S. W. Spain) . Its prior believed his story, and by his 
influence Columbus was brought back and was prom- 
ised help by the Queen, who offered her jewels even, 
if needed to raise the money. 

The preparations for the voyage were soon com- 
l)leted. With three small ships, the Pinta, Nina, and 
Santa Maria, Columbus sailed from Palos, August 3, 
14;)12. After leaving the Canary Islands near Africa, 
he pushed Avest across the unknown ocean. The sailors 
became frightened during the long voyage. They 
declared that they would go no farther, and planned 
to throw Columbus overboard. Columbus remained 
firm and refused to turn back. Finally, they reached 
land on October 12, 1492, just seventy days after leav- 
ing Spain. 



The land was one of the Bahama Islands, and Co- 
lumbus took j)ossession of it for Spain, naming it San 
Salvador. lie called the people there, Indians, for he 
thought he had reached one of the islands of the 
Indies. After remaining here a few days, Columbus 
sailed south and discovered other islands, the largest 
ones being Cuba and Hayti. 

When he returned to Spain, Columbus was received 
with great honor. 

He made a second voyage in 1493, in which he dis- 
covered «Tamaica and Porto Rico. In his third voyage, 
in 1498, he reached the continent of South America, 
near the mouth of the Orinoco River. Dviring this 
third voyage, he remained nearly two years at Hayti. 
The Spanish here rebelled against his authority, and 
the king sent out a new governor who sent Columbus 
back in chains to Spain. The king released him, but 
treated him with ingratitude and unkindness. 

The fourth and last voyage of Columbus, in 1502, 
took him to Central America and the Isthmus of 
Panama. Returning to Spain, he lived in poverty and 
neglect the rest of his life. To the end of his life, 
Columbus thought the lands he had found were parts 
of Asia. Spain founded its claims to America chiefly 
on the voyages of Columbus. 

(2) Amerigo Vespucci. 

Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian, made several voyages 
across the Atlantic Ocean, and wrote an interesting 
account of the newly discovered country. 

In 1507, a German geographer, who had read Ves- 
pucci's account, wrote a little book in which he called 



6 

the new world Amoricn, naiiiinu: it after Amerigo Ves- 
pucci. 

(3) Ponce de Leon. 

In 1513, Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, sailed 
among the Bahama Islands in search of the fountain 
of perpetual youth. While doing this, he ean)e to a 
beautiful country to whieh he gave the name of 
P'lorida, Ix'canse it was Easter Sunday, called Pascua 
Florida in Spanish, when this land Avas reached. De 
Leon was mortally wounded in a battle with the 
natives, in Florida, several years later. Spain founded 
its claim to lands in America partly on the explora- 
tions of Ponce de Leon. 

(4) Balboa. 

In 1513, a Spaniard named Balboa, with a small 
company, ci'ossed the Isthmus of Panama in search 
of gold. . After many hardships, he reached the shores 
of the Pacific Ocean and took possession of it for 
Spain. He called it the South Sea. Several years 
later, the new governor, heeoniing jealous, had liiiii 
beheaded. 

(5) Magellan. 

A Portnguese navigator named Ferdinand IMagel- 
lan, sent out by Spain, sailed across the Atlantic, con- 
tinued around South America, and discovered, in 1520, 
the strait which was named after him. Passing 
thi'ongh this strait, he reached the ocean discovered 
by Balboa, and sailed across it. This ocean he called 
the Pacide, whieh means "peaeefnl." Sailing on over 



the Pacific, after great hardships, he finally discovered 
the Philippine Islands. Here Magellan was killed in 
a battle with the natives, but his ships kept on the 
voyage westward, passed the Cape of Good Hope, and 
in this way reached Spain in 1522, thus completing 
the first voyage around the world. 

(6) De Soto 

In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, the Spanish governor 
of Cuba and Florida, set out to explore Florida, hop- 
ing to find gold there. After two years of wandering 
in the wilderness, through Florida, Georgia, Alabama 
and Mississippi, he discovered the Mississippi River in 
1541. He explored this for some distance, but died 
the next year, worn out with care and disappointment. 
His followers concealed his death from the Indians by 
sinking his body in the river. A short time afterward 
they sailed down the IMississippi River to the Gulf of 
Mexico, and finally reached a Spanish settlement in 
Mexico. 

First Permanent Spanish Settlement. 

The first permanent Spanish settlement in America 
Avas made at "St. Augustine, in the northeastern part 
of Florida, in 1565. This is therefore the oldest town 
in the United States. 

The Spanish Claim. 

Besides claiming Central America and Mexico, the 
Spanish claimed Florida. It stretched northward 
without any definite limit, and included nearly all the 
territory now occupied by the United States. It was 
founded chiefly upon the explorations of Ponce de 



Leon and the original discovery of the Western Con- 
tinent by Cohunbns. 

French Disco>eries and Explorations. 

(1) Verrazani. 

In 1524, an Italian navigator named Verrazani, 
sent out by France, sailed along the eastern shore of 
North America from Cape Fear, North Carolina, to 
northern New England, and entered the harbors of 
New York and Newport. France founded its claim 
partly on the voyage of Verrazani. He called the land 
he explored New France. 

(Note: — Some historians spell the name Verrazano, and say- 
he went north as far as Newfoundland.) 

(2) Cartier. 

In 1534, the French under Jacques Cartier explored 
and named the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The next year 
he discovered the St. Lawrence River. In 1541, he 
tried to form a settlement on the St. Lawrence River, 
but failed. France founded her claims in America 
partly on the voyages of Cartier. 

(3) Champlain. 

An expedition under Samuel de Champlain sailed 
from France and founded Quebec on the St. Lawrence 
River in 1608. In 1609 he discovered Lake Champlain 
(in N. E. New York), naming it after himself. Quebec 
soon became the greatest city of New France. Cham- 
plain was one of the chief French explorers, and was 
called "the Father of New France." 



(4) Marquette. 

Jacques Marquette was a youug Jesuit priest, who 
had come to Quebec from France as a missionary to 
the Indians, finally settling in Michigan. 

In 1673 he started on an expedition with Louis 
Joliet to explore the Mississippi River. 

They passed down Lake Michigan, and after reach- 
ing the Wisconsin River, they floated into the Missis- 
sippi River. In their birch bark canoe, they went 
down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas 
River, and then returned. Marquette died soon after. 

(5) La Salle. 

La Salle was one of the greatest of the French ex- 
plorers. Coming from France, he lived for some time 
in Canada. Learning from the Indians of the Ohio 
River, he explored that region, and discovered the 
river. Several years later, he took another expedition 
into Illinois, building a fort there which the Indians 
destroyed in his absence. 

In 1681, he left Canada again to explore the Missis- 
sippi River, sailing down the river to the Gulf of 
Mexico. He took possession of the country for France, 
and named it Louisiana. He later returned to 
France. The King of France in 1684 sent him out 
with 300 colonists to make a settlement in Louisiana. 
His ships by mistake landed in Texas. The colony 
failed entirely and La Salle, while trying to find the 
Mississippi River, was murdered by his companions. 

France founded her claims to America partly on the 
explorations of La Salle. 



10 

First Permanent French Settlement. 

Tlie first permanent French settlement was made at 
Port Koyal (now Annapolis) in the western part of 
Nova Scotia in 1604. Quebec was settled by the 
French in 1608. 

The French Claim. 

The French claim was called New France. It ex- 
tended from New York to Labrador on the Atlantic, 
and included Acadia, Canada, the basin of the Great 
Lakes, and the INIississippi River. It Avas founded 
chiefly on the discoveries of Verrazani, Cartier and 
La Salle. (Acadia included Nova Scotia, and a small 
part of Canada adjoining.) 

English Explorations and Discoveries. 

(1) The Cabots. 

In 1497, a ship from Bristol, England, under com- 
mand of John Cabot, an Italian, was the first vessel 
to reach the mainland of North America, landing 
probably at Labrador, and sailing some distance along 
the coast. In this voyage, Cabot and his son Sebastian 
also discovered the island of Newfoundland. The 
next year Sebastian Cabot sailed along the coast of 
North America as far south as Florida. 

The object of both the Cabots was to find a north- 
west passage to India. England based her claims to 
America on the voyages of the Cabots. 



11 

(2) Sir Francis Drake. 

Sir Francis Drake was a daring English sea captain. 
England and Spain were not friends then, and in 1577 
Drake left England with a small fleet, intending to 
capture Spanish treasure ships from Peru. He sailed 
across the Atlantic through the Strait of Magellan and 
up the Pacific, getting much treasure. After going as 
far north as California, he returned home by way of 
the Cape of Good Hope, reaching England in 1580. 
This was the second voyage that had been made 
around the world. 

In a later voyage, in 1586, Drake brought home 
Raleigh's unsuccessful colonists from Roanoke Island. 

(3) Sir Walter Raleigh, 

In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent out two vessels 
from England, which explored the coast of North 
Carolina. 

They found the region very delightful, and on their 
return, told Queen Elizabeth of its beauty and of its 
fertile soil. The Queen called the land Virginia. The 
next year Raleigh sent out colonists to settle on Roa- 
noke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. These 
were the first English settlers in America. The colony 
failed and Sir Francis Drake took the colonists back 
to England the next year. The settlers brought back 
with them two new plants, the potato and tobacco. 

In 1587, Raleigh made another attempt to settle 
Roanoke Island, and this also failed. The colonists 
utterly disappeared and no one knows what became of 
them. 



12 

The First Permanent English Settlement. 

The first permanent English settlement in America 
was made at Jamestown, in the southeastern part of 
Virginia, in 1607. 

Plymouth, in IMassaehusetts, was settled in 1620 by 
the English Pilgrims. 

The English Claim. 

The English claim was called Virginia. It stretched 
along the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Labrador 
and extended westward to the Pacific Ocean. It was 
based upon the discoveries of the Cabots. 



Dutch Explorations and Discoveries. 

(1) Henry Hudson. 

Among the navigators who had attempted to find a 
passage to India, was Henry Hudson, an English cap- 
tain. In 1609, a company of Dutch merchants en- 
gaged him to make a voyage for them. He sailed some 
distance along the eastern coast of North America, 
hoping to find there a strait leading from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific. Finally he entered the harbor of New 
York, and discovered the mouth of a great river, which 
was called after him, the Hudson River. Hudson 
sailed up as far as where Albany now is. 

In 1610, he made a voyage for the English and dis- 
covered Hudson Bay. His sailors mutinied here, and 
piit him off in a small boat to die. 



13 

The First Permanent Dutch Settlement. 

The first permanent Dutch settlement in America 
was made in 1623 at New Amsterdam, on Manhattan 
Island, at the month of the Hudson River. This is 
now the city of New York. 

The Dutch Claim. 

The Dutch CUaim was called New Netherlands. It 
extended from Cape May to Nova Scotia and indef- 
initely westward. It was founded on the discoveries 
of Hudson. 

Conflict of Claims. 

All four nations claimed land that other nations 
said was theirs. England's claim from Florida to 
Labrador was partly claimed by the Spanish. France 
claimed that part of this region which extended from 
New York to Labrador. The Dutch also claimed the 
part from Cape May to Nova Scotia. 

Both France and England claimed the Mississippi 
Valley. 

The Government of England's Colonies. 

A Colony is a body of people sent out to settle in a 
new country. Their ruling officers are usually ap- 
pointed by the country sending them out, and their 
laws are made by that country. 

Kinds of Colonial Government. 

The colonial governments were of three kinds : 
Royal, Proprietary, and Charter. The Royal belonged 



14 



entirely to the king. The proprietary belonged to the 
proprietor to whom the king granted the land. 

The charter colonies were allowed to govern them- 
selves according to the charter or written document 
which the king gave them. 

All the thirteen colonies had assemblies, chosen by 
the people, which had the power to raise taxes. All the 
colonies, however, had to obey the laws of England. 

North and South Virginia. 

The English Claim was called Virginia. It was 
divided into North Virginia, which was granted to the 
Plymoutli Company, and South Virginia, which was 
gi-antod to the London Company. North Virginia 
extended from 41° to 45° north latitude (from Long 
Island to Nova Scotia). South Virginia extended 
from 84° to 38° north latitude (froin Cape Fear to the 
I'otomac River). These companies were expected to 
plant colonies, trade witii the Indians, and explore the 
count ry. 

The giving of these gi-ants led to the settlement of 
tlie colonies by England, and out of these colonies, the 
United States grew. 

(Note: — The Plymouth company did not send out the Pil- 
grims to Massachusetts, and did very little toward settling New 
England.) 

(1) Virginia. 

A number of rich men, merchants, noblemen and 
others, formed themselves into a company called the 
London Company and received from the King a grant 



15 

of land extending from 34° to 38° north latitude. The 
King granted the company a Royal Charter which 
allowed them to make settlements in America. 

(2) Settlement of Jamestown. 

Captain Newport was sent out by the London Com- 
pany to make a settlement, but he was driven by a 
storm into Chesapeake Bay. He sailed up the James 
River and in 1607 made a permanent settlement which 
he called Jamestown, in lionor of the King. 

(3) Character and Purpose of the Jamestown 

Colonists. 

The men who Avere sent over to settle Virginia were 
poorly fitted to settle in a new country. They were 
mostly men who had wasted their fortunes, or who 
had lived idle lives. Most of them came over to Vir- 
ginia expecting to make their fortunes by finding gold. 
Such men were of little use in cutting down trees and 
building huts. 

(4) John Smith. 

The colony was governed by a Council of seven 
colonists appointed by King James of England. 
Among the number was John Smith, who took charge 
of aft'airs when the colony seemed to ])e going to ruin. 
He taught the colonists how to Iniild Imts and pn^tect 
themselves from the Indians. Smith spent part of 
his time in exploring the country, and was at one time 
taken captive by the Indians. His life was saved by 
Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, the Indian 



16 

chief. Smith later became President of the Council. 
He made the people work by refusing to give food to 
those wlio would not work, and he thus made the 
Jamestown colony a success. In 1609, he was wounded 
by an explosion of gunpowder. He was then com- 
pelled to go back to England, and never returned to 
Virginia. 

(Note: — r/ic Starving Time. When Smith left, the people 
stopped all work, and the colony fell into great disorder. Sick- 
ness and famine reduced their numbers from 500 to 60. That 
terrible winter (1609-1()10) was called "The Starving Time." 
Only the arrival of Ijord Delaware with supplies and with new 
colonists the next June saved Jamestown from being abandoned 
fulirely by the survivors of that dreadful winter.) 

(5) Indian Troubles. 

Powliatiin, tlic friendly' Indian Chief, died, and his 
successor, who hated the white settlers, made a plot to 
destroy them in 1622. The people of Jamestown Avere 
warned in time, but the settlers in the surrounding 
country were surprised and about three hundred and 
fifty were massacred. The Indians still kept on with 
their attacks find the settlers hunted them savagely 
jind (lest foycd their villages. Peace was not made for 
ten years. A second massacre occurred several years 
later, and the whites renewed the war, finally driving 
the Indians out of the settled regions. 

(6) Tobacco Planting in Virginia- 
Tobacco, lon^ used by the Indians, was not known 

in KngiaiKJ until it was brought back by Raleigh's 
unsuccessful colonists from Koanoke Island. In 1612, 



17 

John Rolfe began to plant tobacco in Virginia and 
other settlers soon did the same. At one time, they 
even planted it in the streets of Jamestown. New 
emigrants came over, hoping to make a fortune by 
raising it. The cultivation of tobacco made the colony 
prosperous, and thus nearly all the people of Virginia 
became farmers. 

(Note:— This John Eolfe married Pocahontas in 1613. In 
1616, she went to London and visited the king. She died when 
about to return to America.) 

(7) Negro Slavery in America. 

In 1619, a Dutch vessel came into the James River, 
and sold twent}^ negroes as slaves to the settlers. The 
slaves were so useful in cultivating tobacco and cotton 
that slavery spread rapidly in all of the Southern 
colonies. 



(8) Relation of the Colonists to England. 

The first Council which the King appointed, ruled 
the people very harshly. When the governors came 
they were just as bad. In 1619, the London Company 
allowed each of the eleven boroughs or settlements to 
send two burgesses, or representatives, to Jamestown 
to help make laws for the colony. King James soon 
after took the charter away from the London Com- 
pany, and made Virginia a Royal Province under the 
direct control of the King. Virginia was allowed, 
however, to retain its House of Burgesses to make 
laws for the colony. 



18 

(1) The Carolinas. 

Kins (Miarles II. divided the land lying, between 
\'ir,uinia and Florida among a number of noblemen, 
two of \\hoBi were the Duke of Albemarle and the 
Earl of Clarendon. This grant extended westward to 
the Paeitie Ocean and Avas called Carolina in honor of 
the King. People had come from Virginia and settled 
on the land around Albemarle Round (northeastern 
part of North Carolina), and this colony was called 
the Albemarle Colony. 

(2) Settlement of Charleston. 

In 1670, two ship loads of emigrants from England 
settled on the Ashley River in the southern part of 
the grant. After ten years, they moved and settled 
Charlestown, naming it after the king. This was after- 
ward shortened to Charleston. ]\Iany Huguenots 
(French Protestants) came to settle in Charleston. 

i'A) Rice and Indigo Culture in the Carolinas. 

Ill 1(11)3, the captain of a vessel from Madagascar 
gave the governor of the colony a small bag of rice 
to plant as an experiment. The rice grew al)uiidantly 
and the governor gave the ci-op to the fanncis in and 
around Charleston. South Carolina has become one 
of the greatest rice producing states in the country. 

Fifty years later (1741), indigo was planted, and 
it grew with great success. Indigo at that time brought 
$1.50 a lb., and thus brought much money to the col- 



19 

ony. From these two causes the colony became very 
prosperous. 

(Note:— After the proprietors gave back the land to the king 
in 1729, it was divided into North and South Carolina, each hav- 
ing a separate government.) 

(1) Georgia. 

In 1732, George II. granted the region between the 
Savannah River and the Altamaha River to General 
James Oglethorpe and a company of other benevolent 
Englishmen. It was given in trust for the poor for 
twenty-one years. Oglethorpe named the territory 
Georgia in honor of the King. Oglethorpe made the 
first settlement at Savannah (S. E. Georgia), in 1733. 

(2) Settlement of Savannah. 

At that time in England, people who owed a debt 
were imprisoned and treated very harshly. General 
Oglethorpe pitied the people and wished to found an 
asjdum for them in the new^ world, where they could 
make a new start in life. The first emigrants from 
England were poor debtoi-s and bankrupt tradesmen 
with their families. 

They settled on the Savannah River, naming their 
place Savannah (southeastern part of Georgia) . They 
were soon joined by Germans and by Scotch High- 
landers. 

Rice and indigo were planted and the colony be- 
came very prosperous. After twenty-one years the 
trustees gave back the land to the King, and Georgia 
was made into a Royal Province. 



20 



Southern Manners and Customs. 

In the South there were no towns or villages as in 
the North, but instead, large plantations. The planters 
built large, richly furnished houses and had large 
numbers of negro servants. The negroes lived in 
separate quarters, each negro family having its own 
hut and garden. The rich planter considered it de- 
grading for a white man to work, and so spent much 
time in hunting. The men wore long velvet coats, 
with lace ruffles at the wrist, knee breeches and low 
shoes with silver buckles. Drunkenness was very com- 
mon. The rich lacked many comforts which we have 
now. Lamps and cooking stoves were unknown, and 
wood was the onlv fuel known. 



New England Colonies. 

(1) Why the Pilgrims came to America. 

The Puritans were English people, who were op- 
posed to the Church of England. They wished to 
purify it and were therefore called "Puritans." Some 
of them separated from the Church of England and 
held their own religious services. These were called 
"Separatists." The Separatists were persecuted in 
England and some of them went to Holland in order 
to worship as they wished. Fearing that their chil- 
dren would forget the English language if they stayed 
in Holland, they decided to go to America. They 
were called Pilgrims because of their wanderings. 



21 

(2) Their Journey and Landing. 

About oue hundred Pilgrims (Separatists) left Hol- 
land in the Speedwell and sailed to England. From 
Plymouth, England, they sailed across the Atlantic 
Ocean in the Mayflower, having obtained permission 
from the Plymouth Company to settle in their grant 
in America. The journey was stormy. They explored 
the coast before landing, and in December, 1620, they 
landed at a place named Plymouth (S. E. Massachu- 
setts) on John Smith's map of this coast. They kept 
this name, Plymouth, for their settlement. 

(Note:— Before landing, they drew up in the cabin of the 
Mayflower an agreement called the Mayflower Compact, in which 
they agreed to make just laws which all must obey.) 



(3) Life in the Plymouth Colony in Early Days. 

During the first winter the Pilgrims suffered very 
much from cold and hunger. The log huts did not 
protect them from the cold, and food was very scarce. 
Half of their number died that winter, but not one of 
the survivors went back to. England when the May- 
flower sailed in the spring. Soon they planted Indian 
corn and the colony became more prosperous. Their 
first governor, John Carver, died the first year. 
William Bradford, their second governor, held the 
office for over thirty years. He made a treaty with 
Massasoit, an Indian chief, which was not broken for 
fifty years. Captain Miles Standish was the military 
leader at Plymouth. His bravery and skill kept the 
Indians quiet and peaceful. 



22 

(4) Character of the Pilgrims. 

The Pilgrims had eoine to find a home where they 
could worship God, as they thought right. They were 
honest, religions men, very hard-working,^ and very 
intelligent. While they were stern and severe, they 
were among the best settlers that ever came to 
America. 

(5) Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

Other Puritans now followed the plan of the Separ- 
atists or Pilgrims and came to America. John Endi- 
cott settled with a party at Salem, in 1628, and another 
party under John Winthrop settled in Boston in 1630. 
The Salem and Boston settlements were called the 
Massachusetts Bay Colony. John Winthrop was the 
governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony for nearly fif- 
teen years, and at his death, John Endicott became 
governor for over fifteen years. Massachusetts Bay 
Colony and Plymouth Colony had each a separate 
government for many years, but they were finally 
united into one. 

(6) The settlements in ^Massachusetts all prospered, 
becoming the most important in America. Much at- 
tention was paid to education and free schools were 
early established. Harvard College was begun in 
1636. 

(7) King Philip's War. (See later notes.) 

(8) New England I^nion. (See later notes.) 



23 

Connecticut. 

(1) The Dutch had built a fort where Hartford now 
stands to control the fur trade. Some English noble- 
men sent ont a colony under John Winthrop, son of 
Governor Winthrop. and built a fort called Saybrooke 
at the mouth of the river in 1635, thus making the 
Dutch abandon their fort at Hartford. The next year 
a party, led by Rev. Thomas Hooker, started from 
Massachusetts and walking through the woods, settled 
at Hartford. 

Soon after, a number of emigrants came from Eng- 
land and settled at New Haven (on Long Island 
Sound) , purchasing the land from the Indians. Rev. 
John Davenport was their leader. 

(2) In 1637, the settlers of Connecticut, aided by 
IMassachusetts, fought a bitter war against the Pequot 
Indians of Connecticut, and destroyed the entire tribe, 
thus securing peace for many years. 

Roger Williams at the risk of his life kept the 
Narragansetts from joining the Pequots in this war. 

(3) Much attention was paid to education in Con- 
necticut. Yale College was founded as early as 1701. 

(4) New England Union. (See later notes.) 

(Note: — The settlers of Hartford aud nearby towns, led by 
Rev. Thomas Hooker, drew iip a written Constitution in 1639, 
which gave all freemen the right to vote. In 1062, King Charles 
II. gave Connecticut a charter, which made them almost inde- 
pendent. It was this charter which was later saved from Gov- 
ernor Andros by being hid in the Charter Oak.) 



24 

Rhode Island. 

Roger Williams was a minister of the church at 
Salem, Massachusetts. The Puritans refused to allow 
any one to worship in a different way from what they 
did, and when Roger Williams said that people had a 
right to worship as they pleased, he was banished. 
He went through the wilderness in winter, to what is 
now Rhode Island and was welcomed by the Indians. 
Here he made a settlement in 1636, calling it Prov- 
idence in memory of God's providence and mercy to 
him. Roger Williams said that there should be entire 
freedom for all religions and no one would be perse- 
cuted for his religion. The King gave him a charter 
for the colony, which gave the people the right to 
govern themselves. Rhode Island continued a charter 
government until the Revolution. 

Maine and New Hampshire. 

The Plymouth Company of England granted to two 
Englishmen, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John ]\Iason, 
the land between the Merrimac River and the Kenne- 
bec River. Mason took the western part and called 
it New Hampshire, while Gorges took the eastern 
part and called it Maine. Portland was one of the 
earliest settlements on the coast of IMaine. The heirs 
of Gorges soon sold Maine again to Massachusetts, 
and it remained a part of Massachusetts until long 
after the Revolution. 

New Hampshire was early settled at Dover. The 
colony was joined three times to ]\Iassachusetts and 
was separated three times. It was a separate royal 



25 

province at the time of the Revolution and was one 
of the thirteen orisrinal states. 



(1) New England Indian Troubles. 

(a) Pequot War. (See Connecticut.) 

(b) King Philip's War began in 1675. Massasoit had 
made a treaty of peace with the colonists and during 
his life there Avas peace, but at his death, his son Philip 
became chief, and war soon commenced. It was 
fought chiefly in Massachusetts. Philip hated the 
colonists for getting his lands, and feared that the 
Indians would soon be driven out. He therefore roused 
the neighboring tribes, and began a war which lasted 
about a year. Much fighting was done. Twelve towns 
were destroyed and over a thousand settlers killed. 
Finally the Indians were conquered and Philip was 
killed by another Indian. 

(Note:— When Philip's wife and boy were captured by the 
whites, the terrible warrior 's heart was broken. His wife and 
son were sold as slaves m the West Indies. Philip was killed by 
an Indian in revenge.) 

(2) New England Union. 

The New England Union was a Union of all the 
New England colonies except Rhode Island. It was 
formed in 1643 for protection against the Dutch and 
Indians, and lasted more than forty years. 

(3) Education in New England. 

The people of New England paid a great deal of 
attention to education. A public school was estab- 



26 

lished in Boston in 1635, and soon laws were passed 
compelling every town to establish free schools. All 
the New England colonies knew the value of educa- 
tion. Harvard College was established near Boston 
in 1636. Another great New England college was 
Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, founded in 
1701. 



(4) Manners and Customs in New England. 

In New England the peoi)le were very strict and 
severe. Every one was compelled to go to church on 
Sunday and the sermons generally lasted several 
hours. The people dressed very plainly, the men wear- 
ing knee breeches, short cloaks, and steeple-crowned 
hats. Their chief amusements Avere hunting and fish- 
ing. The laws were severe and the punishments cruel. 
The whipping-post, cutting off the ears, or branding 
with a hot iron were common punishments. Every 
man and every boy over sixteen had to drill as a 
soldier, and the early settlers always carried the mus- 
ket into the field and to church to guard against the 
Indians. At first their houses were huts. The furni- 
ture was generally home-made, and oiled paper was 
used instead of Avindow-glass. Carpets were hardly 
heard of, as the floors were usually covered with sand. 
The spinning-wheel was in every house. It was with 
this that the women spun the wool and flax to make 
the cloth for clothing. 



27 

The Middle Colonies. 

The Story of New York. 

(1) Why the Dutch Came to New Netherlands. 

The Dutch, after the discovery of the Hudson River, 
came to New Netherlands to trade with the Indians, 
taking' their furs in exchange for the articles made by 
the Dutch. 

(2) Settlement of New Amsterdam and Dutch 

Rule in New Netherlands. 

In 1623, the Dntch "West India Company" sent 
out a numljer of agents and settlers to locate on Man- 
hattan Island (now New York.) Peter IMinnit, the 
first Dutch governor, in 1626, bought the island from 
the Indians for beads and cloth worth twenty-four dol- 
lars, and called the town New Amsterdam. After this 
the Dutch established trading posts in Connecticut, in 
New Jersey and in Delaware, in order to trade with 
the Indians. 

The chief occupation of the Dutch was trading in 
fur. They made a treaty with the Indians and this 
helped to make the colony prosperous. The colony 
had four governors sent out from Holland, the last 
and best being Peter Stuyvesant. He ruled strictly, 
but well. 

(3) Disputes between the English and Dutch. 

All the land occupied by the Dutch was claimed by 
the English on account of the discoveries of the 
Cabots. Charles II., King of England, presented all 



28 

this region to his brother, James, Diike of York, and 
in 1664, he sent out a fleet to secure his colony. Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant at first refused to surrender, but as 
the people would not aid him, he was compelled to do 
as the English wished. New Amsterdam was now 
called New York and New Netherlands became an 
English province. 

(4) Dutch Manners and Customs. 

The hoiLses were usually one and a half stories 
high and Avere generally warmed by great open fire- 
places. The people were very clean and instead of 
using carpets, covered their floor with white sand. The 
cloth for garments was made at home, and each family 
had its own loom and spinning wheel. While the peo- 
ple were industrious, they took life easy, and were fond 
of good eating and drinking. They rose at dawn and 
went to bed at sunset. The men were nearly always 
smoking. They wore baggy knee breeches, and coats 
with big brass or silver buttons. 

New Jersey. 

New Jersey was claimed by the Dutch as a part of 
New Netherlands, and trading posts were established 
there. After the Duke of York had taken the j)rov- 
ince in 1664, he granted New Jersey to two English 
noblemen. These two afterwards divided New Jersey, 
one taking East Jersey and the other taking West 
Jersey. 

AVilliam Peini and other Quakers soon bought all 
of New Jersey. These proprietors had many troubles 



29 

in dealing with the people, and finally gave up their 
rights to the King. The land was now made into a 
Royal Province under the Governor of New York. 
Later, New Jersey secured its own governor and was 
one of the thirteen original colonies at the time of the 
Revolution. 

Delaware. 

The Swedes settled in Delaware at the mouth of the 
Delaware River, calling the country New Sweden. 
Under Governor Stuyvesant of New Netherlands, the 
Dutch captured the Swedish settlements, and annexed 
them to New Netherlands. 

When New Netherlands became the property of the 
Duke of York in 1664, Delaware was also acquired by 
him, but he soon gave Delaware to William Penn. It 
remained a part of Pennsylvania for some time, but 
the people became dissatisfied, and were given a sep- 
arate legislature of their own, though one governor 
ruled both Pennsylvania and Delaware until the Rev- 
olution. 

In 1776, Delaware separated entirely from Pennsyl- 
vania, declaring itself a free state. 

The Story of Maryland. 

(1) George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), a Catholic 
nobleman of England, received from Charles I. a grant 
of land, which he named Maryland in honor of the 
([ueen (Henrietta INIaria). Lord Baltimore died soon 
after, and the grant was transferred to his son, the 
second Lord Baltimore. 



30 

(2) In Maryland, absolute freedom of worship was 
given to all Christians by the "Toleration Act" wliich 
was passed in 1(j49. Maryland, like Rhode Island and 
Pennsylvania, was a refnge for all persecuted people. 

The people also helped to make the laws, and this 
civil and religious liberty brought many settlers, and 
made the colony prosperous. 

(3) Some Puritans settled early at Providence, Mary- 
land. Afterwards this settlement was called Annap- 
olis, which became the capital of ^larylaiid. 

(Note: — The proprietors lost Maryland several times, Init in 
1715, the fourth Ijord Baltimore secured it firmly. It cMitinued 
to be a proprietary government until tlie Revolution in 1776.) 

(1) The Story of Pennsylvania. 

William Penn, an English Quaker, liad inherited 
from his father a claim on the government for £16,000. 
King Charles II., to pay the debt, gave Penn a grant 
of land, lying west of the Delaware River, in 1681. 
This the King called Pennsylvania (Penn's Wood- 
lands). The Duke of York, after obtaining New 
Netherlands, also gave Penn that part which is now 
Delaware. 

In 1682, Penn crossed the ocean with a number of 
Quaker colonists in the ship Welcome, and landed at 
Newcastle, Delaware. 

(2) Founding of Philadelphia. 

The site of Penn's new city was chosen on the land 
between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. It was 
named Philadelphia, meaning "Brotherly Love." 



31 

Feiiii purchased the laud from the Indians in 1682 and 
founded the city in 1683. The streets were broad and 
were to ci'oss each other at right angles. They were 
to be named after forest trees. 

(3) Penn's Treatment of Indians. 

Penn believed the Indians to be the true owners of 
the land, and although the King had given it to him, 
he felt it his duty to pay the Indians for it. Before 
making any settlement, he made a treaty of peace and 
friendship with them under an old elm tree near the 
Delaware River in 1682. This treaty was faithfully 
kept for sixty years. A monument marks the spot 
where the elm tree stood. 

(4) Civil and Religious Liberty in Pennsylvania. 

Penn's purpose in establishing Pennsylvania was to 
furnish a refuge for persecuted Quakers. He allowed 
every one to worship God as he thought proper. The 
people also helped to make their own laws, and en- 
joyed much liberty. These causes made the colony 
very prosperous. 

(5) Separation of New Jersey and Delaware 

from Pennsylvania. 

New Jersey, which belonged partly to Penn, became 
a part of New York, and later, a separate Royal 
Province. 

Later, Delaware also had its own Legislature sepa- 
rate from Pennsylvania, and in 1776, it became en- 
tirely separate from it. 



32 

(6) Later History. 

Pemi's sons inherited the colony on his death, and 
although the people were dissatisfied with their man- 
agement, their heirs retained it until the Revolution 
of 1776. 

(7) Germans and Dutch in Pennsylvania. 

A colony of Germans, led by the learned Francis 
Daniel Pastorius, settled the village of Germantown, 
near Philadelphia, in 1683. Other Germans, hearing 
of the free government and of the rich lands here, 
came over, and by 1750, fully one-third of the entire 
population of Pennsylvania was German. They settled 
chiefly in the eastern and central parts. 

Some Dutch emigrants from Holland also settled in 
Pennsylvania. 

(8) Manners and Customs in Pennsylvania. 

The houses in Philadelphia were larger than in other 
cities. They were built of brick and stone and were 
often surrounded by gardens and orchards. 

The shops were generally ordinary houses with a 
sign hung over the door, showing what was for sale. 
The Quakers were very quiet, dressing very plainly. 
They had few amusements. Their churches permitted 
no music nor paid preachers, any member of the con- 
gregation being permitted to talk to them. They 
hated war and would have nothing to do with fight- 
ing. Later the customs changed, as other nationalities 
(Germans in the East, Scotch-Irish in the West) with 
different ideas, came to the colony. 



33 

(9) The Story of William Penn. 

Penn's father was a rich Englishman. While Penn 
was at college, he became a Quaker. He steadily re- 
fused to give up his religion, although he was im- 
prisoned for it several times. At his father's death, 
he inherited a fortune. To pay the debt of £16,000 
which England owed him, the King gave him Pennsyl- 
vania. In 1682, he crossed the ocean with a number 
of Quaker colonists in the ship Welcome, and landed 
at Newcastle, Delaware. (Give Paragraphs 2 and 3.) 

In his later days, Penn had much trouble, and he was 
even imprisoned for debt. He died in 1718. Penn's 
character was very noble. He believed in the Quaker 
religion, and was willing to endure much suffering 
rather than give it up. He was very fair in his deal- 
ings with the colonists, allowing them to worship God 
as they chose. He was very honest and kind. He 
hated war and wished to live at peace with all men. 

Modes of Travel in Colonial Days. 

The usual way of travelling in colonial days was on 
foot, on horseback or by boat. 

A boat used to go from New York to Philadelphia 
in three days if the wind was fair. 

The first stage coach between New York and Phila- 
delphia began to run in 1756, making the distance in 
three days. Ten years later, the coach that did the 
ninety miles from Philadelphia to New York in two 
days was called a flying machine. 

Journeys to England, across the Atlantic Ocean, 
were made then in sailing vessels. 

L.ofC. 



34 

It took these vessels six or eight weeks to make the 
journey that the fast ocean steamers to-day can do in 
six days. 

Occupations in the Colonies. 

The geographical position decided the occupations 
of the people. In New England, the climate was 
severe and the soil poor. Hence while they had some 
agriculture, it Avas not their chief occupation. From 
their forests they made ships which engaged in fishing 
and commerce. England would not allow them to 
manufacture largely, but every farmhouse made its 
own homespun cloth and many of its tools. There 
were many saw mills, flour mills and tanneries in New 
England. 

In the South, the rich soil produced great crops of 
tobacco in Virginia and Maryland, and of rice in South 
Carolina. Hence agriculture was about the only in- 
dustry there. 

In the Middle Colonies, farming and commerce were 
the chief occupations. 

The Effect of the Location of the Colonies on 
the Character of the Inhabitants. 

The Southern climate was warm and the tiresome 
field labor was done by slaves. Hence the people of 
the Southern Colonies despised work, and loved ease 
and luxury. 

In the North, there were no large farms and no need 
for slaves, as the climate was not hot. Hence the peo- 
ple learned to work for themselves. To carry on their 



35 

commerce and manufactures, educated labor was 
needed. Hence the North devoted much more atten- 
tion to education than the South. Their work made 
them more persevering and their education made them 
more intelligent than the southern colonists. 

(Note:— There were four Intercolonial Wars. The first three, 
King William 's War, Queen Anne 's War and King George 's 
War were caused Idj wars in Europe between England and 
France, and these quarrels were forced on the colonists. 

The principal object of these three wars was the defence and 
acquisition of territory. They caused much suffering and loss 
to the colonies and their only gain was the transfer of Acadia 
(Nova Scotia) to England. Massachusetts took the lead, aided 
by the other New England States, and by New York, Pennsyl- 
vania and New Jersey.) 

French and Indian War (1754=63) 
(a) Extent and purpose of French Settlements. 

The French claimed the region of the Great Lakes 
and the Mississippi Valley, and had built sixty mili- 
tary posts in these regions. The French came to this 
country mainly to trade with the Indians, to convert 
them, and to claim the land which they explored for 
France. 

(b) Cause of the French and Indian War. 

The French and Indian war was begun by the col- 
onists themselves for the possession of the Northwest 
Territory, or the land lying north of the Ohio River, 
between the Alleghany INIountains and the Mississippi 
River. After the French had taken formal possession 
of the Ohio Valley, England granted it to a company 



36 

of Virginia gentlemen, called the Ohio Company, for 
the purpose of making settlements. As both the French 
and the Enjilish claimed this Northwest Territory, it 
led to war. 

(c) Washington's Mission. 

The French on hearing of the Ohio Company's work 
in the Ohio Valley, in order not to lose it, bnilt three 
forts in the disputed territory, the chief one being at 
Presque Isle, on Lake Erie. They also seized the sur- 
veyors of the Ohio Company. Governor Dinwiddle 
of Virginia was a member of the Ohio Company and 
in 1753, he sent George Washington to ask the French 
to remove the forts, as the land belonged to the Ohio 
Company. "Washington was then only twenty-one 
years old. To get there he had to travel four hundred 
miles through the wilderness in winter, but Washing- 
ton performed the long journey safely. He delivered 
Dinwiddle's message to the French at Fort Le Boeuf 
(N. W. Pa.) , but they refused to remove the forts from 
the disputed territory. 

(d) Beginning of the French and Indian War. 

The war began with Washington's expedition, in 
1754, but it was not formally declared until 1756, when 
England declared it. It lasted until 1763. The chief 
war centres were around the following strongholds : — 

(1) (a) Fort Duquesne. 

Early in 1754, Dinwiddle sent men to build a fort 
at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela 



37 

Rivers, where Pittsburg now stands. William Trent, 
a trader, led this little expedition. The French came 
and drove them off before the fort was built, and 
finished the fort for themselves. They called it Fort 
Duquesne, naming it after the French governor of 
Canada. This fort was important because it was the 
key to the Ohio Valley and the region west of the 
Alleghany Mountains. 

(b) Washington's Expedition. 

In 1754, Virginia sent troops to aid Trent at. the 
new fort. The commander of these troops died on 
the march, and Washington then took command. On 
the way he learned that Trent and the English had 
been compelled to surrender their fort to the French. 
Washington advanced a short distance into Pennsyl- 
vania, and at Great Meadows built a fort which he 
called Fort Necessity (S. W. Pa.) The French and 
Indians attacked him here and he was obliged to sur- 
render, but he and his men w^ere allowed to return 
home with their arms. 

(c) Braddock's Expedition. 

England sent an expedition against Fort Duquesne 
in 1755, under General Braddoek, Washington being 
on his staff. Washington warned Braddoek to beware 
of an ambush by the Indians, but Braddoek rejected 
all advice. When about seven miles from the fort, he 
was surprised by the Indians, who had hid in ambush 
behind the trees, and was utterly defeated. Braddoek 
was mortally wounded in the battle and Washington 



38 

saved the rest of the army from entire destruction. 
Three years later (1758), another expedition was led 
against Fort Duqnesne, which succeeded in capturing 
it. This expedition was led by General Forbes, assisted 
by Washington. The name was then changed to Fort 
Pitt, in honor of William Pitt, the great statesman 
then at the head of the English government. 

(2) (a) Acadia and Louisburg. 

These places were important because they threatened 
New England and protected the French fisheries. The 
English had owned the Nova Scotia part of Acadia 
for a number of years. In 1755, the English sent an 
expedition against Acadia, in southeastern Canada, 
and it was soon conquered. The Acadians Avere simple 
French peasants, and as many of them aided the 
French, they were told they must take an oath to obey 
England or else leave Acadia. Most of them refused 
to obey and take the oath, and more than six thousand 
were cruelly driven from Nova Scotia. Many of them 
went to the French settlements in Louisiana. 

(b) Capture of Louisburg. 

Louisburg is on Cape Breton Island, which lies 
northeast of Nova Scotia. This Fort Avas captured 
from the French in 1758, by the English under Gen- 
eral Amherst. 

(3) Crown Point and Ticonderoga. 

Crown Point and Ticonderoga were forts built by 
the French on Lake Champlain, in the northeastern 



39 

part of New York. These places were important, be- 
cause they protected the internal route to Canada. 

In 1755, an expedition was sent against the French 
at Crown Point. The English under General Johnson 
defeated the French a short distance from the fort, 
l)ut made no further attempt to capture it. 

General Abercrombie in 1758 attacked Fort Ticonde- 
roga with a large English army, but was defeated and 
driven back liy Montcalm, who commanded the French 
in the fort. In 1759, the French evacuated Crown 
Point and Ticonderoga on the approach of a large 
English army under General Amherst. 

(4) Quebec. 

Quebec, in S. E. Canada, on the St. Lawrence River, 
was the key to Canada, and controlled the St. Law- 
rence. Quebec' was held by the French under the com- 
mand of Montcalm. In 1759, General Wolfe, a young- 
English officer, led an expedition against it. He be- 
sieged it for months without success. Finally he dis- 
covered a narrow path up the steep cliff, on which 
the city stood. The English ascended during the 
night, and in the morning the French were astonished 
to see Wolfe's army facing them. A battle was fought, 
in which the French were entirely defeated, and 
Quebec fell into the hands of the English. Wolfe and 
Montcalm were both fatally wounded in the battle. 
This ended the war in America. 

Treaty. 

The Treaty of Peace was signed at Paris in 1763. 
All the land east of the ]\Iississippi River was given 



40 

to England, except New Orleans. New Orleans and 
the region west of the IMississippi River to the Rocky 
Mountains, were given by France to Spain. The only 
land kept by France in North America Avas two small 
islands near Newfoundland. 

Results of the French and Indian War. 

By the French and Indian War, France lost all her 
power in America, and England became the great 
power here. This led to increased development of the 
English colonies along the Atlantic Coast. 

Another result was to draw the colonists more 
closely together, as this was the first war in which the 
colonies had united to fight a connnon enemy. 

Territory occupied and population about 1763. 

The extent of territory occupied at the end of the 
French and Indian War stretched from the Atlantic 
Ocean to the IMississippi River, but the Atlantic sea- 
board was the only part that was at all closely settled. 
The population was two millions, and Philadelphia, 
the largest city, had twenty-five thousand people in it. 

(Note: — Tho tliirtecn original States, at the time of tlie 
Eevolution of 1776, were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Khode 
Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New 
Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North (Carolina, South (Carolina 
and tieorgia. 



Chronology 



10(10 — North Anierica visited by the Northmen. 

1492 — Colnnibiis discovers America. 

1497— The Cabots discover North America. 

1507 — The name, "America," given by a geographer. 

1513— Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

151.3— Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean. 

1520— Magellan discovers the Strait of Magellan. 

1524— Verrazani explores Atlantic Coast of North America. 

1535— Cartier discovers St. Lawrence Eiver. 

1541— Cartier tries to make a settlement in Canada. 

1541— De Soto discovers the Mississippi Eiver. 

1565— Spanish found St. Augustine. 

1577-80 — Drake circumnavigates the globe. 

1584-87 — Ealeigh 's expeditions to Eoanoke Island. 

1G04— French settle Port Eoyal, Acadia. 

1607 — English settle Jamestown. 

1608 — Ghamplain settles Quebec. 

1609— Champlain discovers Lake Champlaiu. 

1609 — Hudson discovers Hudson Eiver. 

1612 — Tobacco cultivated in Virginia. 

1619 — Virginia House of Burgesses first meets. 

1619— Negro slavery started in Virginia. 

1620— Plymouth settled by the Pilgrims. 

1623 — New Amsterdam (New York) settled by the Dutch, 

1628— Salem settled by Endicott. 

1630— Boston settled by Winthrop. 



42 



1636 — Providence settled by Roger Williams. 

1636 — Harvard College founded. 

1643 — New England Union formed. 

1664— New Netherlands taken by the English. 

1673— Marquette explores part of Mississippi River. 

1675-76-King Philip's War. 

1680— Charleston, S. C, settled. 

1682 — La Salle explores the Mississipj)i River. 

1683— Penn founds Philadelphia. 

1733— Georgia settled at Savannah. 

1753 — Washington's journey to French forts. 

1754-63 — French and Indian War. 

1755— Defeat of Braddoek. 

1755 — Acadians banished. 

1758 — Fort Duquesne taken by Forbes and Washington. 

1758— Amherst captures Fort Louisburg. 

1759 — Amherst captures Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 

1759 — Wolfe cai)tures Quebec. 

1763— Treaty of peace signed at Paris. 



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